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Potential mechanisms of comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder YU Chen, ZHANG Xiaopeng, WANG Wei Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (6): 261-280.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.06.001 Abstract （901）      PDF （817KB）（3670）       Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit a high rate of comorbidity. This paper systematically reviews existing studies at different levels to summarize the common pathological mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of ASD and ADHD. Specifically: (1) Both diseases exhibit abnormal synaptic pruning, leading to a further aggravation of abnormal brain structure in patients with the comorbidity; (2) Dysfunction of the default mode network and executive control network constitutes important neurobiological evidence for the comorbidity of the two disorders; (3) The abnormal signaling pathways implicated in ASD and ADHD mainly involve the dopamine, Wnt, GABA, mTOR, and inflammation-related pathways, all of which are closely associated with the stability of synapse numbers; (4) Abnormal synaptic pruning leads to excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance, which may provide the physiological basis for abnormal functional connectivity of brain networks and altered cortical thickness and volume in higher cognitive regions such as the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, by computational neural network modeling and molecular network modeling, it is expected to advance the understanding of the co-morbidity mechanism of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we elucidate the pathological mechanism of comorbidity in two typical diseases related to neurodevelopmental disorders from different perspectives, and may provide a theoretical basis for early intervention and precise treatment in comorbid patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief History of Solid State Physics SHI Feng , HAN Xiu-jun , ZHANG Ling-cui , XU Yue , ZHANG Chuan-jiang Progress in Physics    2021, 41 (4): 170-187.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2021.04.002 Abstract （4015）      PDF （446KB）（21079）       The study of many-body problems in solid-state physics is an important branch of physics, covering a wide range of areas, and it is also the basis of many technical disciplines including materials science. This article discusses the brief history of the development of solid state physics, including the initial development history, the study of thermal properties, Weidmann-Franz law, the study history of the microscopic geometric structure of crystals, the free electron gas model, the energy band theory of solids, and the The research of solid magnetism, the information age, the development of solid state physics in China, and the teaching materials of solid state physics, etc., briefly describe the major events in the development of solid state physics, and the influential scientists and their contributions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tuning the Thermal Conductivity of Polymer: A Recent Progress Report Progress in Physics    2018, 38 (2): 69-81.   Abstract （1100）      PDF （1047KB）（23281）       Polymer-based thermal interface materials play an important role in the heat removal and thermal management of high-density integrated circuits. Here, we introduce the theoretical and experi- mental progress of the thermal conductivity of polymers. Main foci are given to enhancement of thermal conductivity in polymers, including stretched polymer and polymer-based nanocompos- ites. Bottlenecks and challenges in this eld are also comprehensive discussed in this review. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2016, 36 (3): 65-99.   Abstract （1339）      PDF （14455KB）（3942）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Gauge Field and Fiber Bundle：Its Contents, Methods, and Meanings  ZHAO Song-nian , LU Bo, CHEN Ken, HUANG Xu Progress in Physics    2023, 43 (1): 10-24.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2023.01.002 Abstract （4204）      PDF （708KB）（7565）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Two-Dimensional Multiferroic Materials and Their Magnetoelectric Properties ZHENG Hongqian , HU Ting , HUANG Chengxi , DU Yongping , WAN Yi Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (3): 105-117.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.03.001 Abstract （2287）      PDF （9286KB）（4866）       In recent years, multiferroic materials, which possess both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties, have attracted intense attention from researchers due to their novel and rich physical characteristics, as well as their broad potential applications in fields such as information storage and sensor technologies. As understanding of the properties of multiferroic materials deepens, researchers have begun to explore their behavior at smaller scales, particularly focusing on two-dimensional (2D) materials. Compared to three-dimensional (3D) materials, 2D materials, owing to their unique structural features and significant size effects, often exhibit more superior performance in terms of mechanical, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties. However, it is noteworthy that current research on 2D multiferroic materials is primarily concentrated on theoretical predictions, with experimental progress lagging behind. In this context, this paper first briefly reviews the development history of multiferroic materials, then elaborates on the characteristics and advantages of 2D materials, and discusses the potential applications of 2D multiferroic materials. Subsequently, the paper provides an overview of the current research status, covering related physical phenomena and mechanisms, experimental preparation methods, performance regulation technologies, and characterization techniques. Furthermore, this paper also enumerates potential 2D multiferroic materials predicted by theory and, based on this, delves into the challenges faced by current research and future directions for development.  Related Articles | Metrics

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From local to nonlocal artificial materials: cloaking, parallel spaces, and photonic wormholes SONG Tongtong, LAI Yun Progress in Physics    2026, 46 (3): 114-133.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2026.03.002 Abstract （210）      PDF （20702KB）（457）       Artificial materials, whose electromagnetic properties are engineered through subwavelength or wavelength-scale microstructures, offer responses inaccessible to natural materials and have come to bridge wave physics, information science, and spacetime analogues. With optical and electromagnetic cloaking as the unifying thread, this review systematically traces the evolution of artificial materials from parameter engineering grounded in local effective medium theory toward nonlocal spatial dispersion engineering. Cloaking within local metamaterial and metasurface frameworks has progressed from transformation-optics and zero-index waveguide designs, through metasurface-enabled skin cloaks and ultra-broadband concealment, to camouflage schemes that integrate broadband detection with adaptive mimicry. As an emerging class of engineered media, nonlocal artificial materials are characterized by a constitutive response that depends explicitly on the wavevector, thereby expanding the accessible degrees of freedom in momentum space well beyond the limits of local constitutive relations. Nonlocal spatial dispersion, combined with boundary-selective excitation, underlies the realization of omnidirectional ultratransparency and zero-spacing cladding-free waveguide arrays. Nonlocality further severs the one-to-one correspondence between physical space and optical space, enabling the construction of photonic parallel spaces. Beyond photonic parallel spaces, this framework enables the realization of photonic wormholes and opens a route to independently coexisting ”multiple realities” supported by a single physical structure. These advances collectively redefine the design space of artificial materials, shifting the focus from engineering individual electromagnetic parameters to constructing multiple coexisting optical spaces, and point toward transformative opportunities in integrated photonics, high-dimensional wave-field manipulation, and multi-physics integration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2014, 34 (5): 203-225.   Abstract （936）      PDF （1822KB）（3211）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2014, 34 (2): 47-117.   Abstract （1324）      PDF （9236KB）（13471）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2016, 36 (1): 21-33.   Abstract （2091）      PDF （3742KB）（4435）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Development Status of Topological Superfluid in Ultracold Atoms FENG Jian, ZHANG Wei-wei, LIN Liang-wei, CAI Qi-peng, ZHANG Yi-cai, LIU Chao-fei Progress in Physics    2022, 42 (3): 67-95.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2022.03.001 Abstract （1773）      PDF （1246KB）（10175）       The topological superfluid state is protected by the energy gap in the bulk, but it can accommodate the gapless Majorana fermions at the edge of the system. The Majorana fermions satisfy non-Abelian statistics and are protected by topology and have good stability, they can carry quantized information and can be used in the study of topological quantum computing. In recent years, theoretical work has predicted the possible topological superfluid states in various systems. Firstly, we introduce the topological superfluid in various optical lattice models. The ultracold atoms of optical lattice have good controllability and universality. It is an ideal model system to realize topological superfluid. Next, we introduce the topological superfluid under the control of spin orbit coupling. The spin orbit coupling effect is an important condition to induce the topological phase, and the artificial spin orbit coupling has been realized in the experiment. Which makes a breakthrough for the experimental observation of topological superfluid. With the improvement of experimental technology in recent years, the topological FFLO superfluid phase, which was difficult to observe in the experiment and ignored by people, has also become a research hotspot. Therefore, we next introduce the topological FFLO superfluid. In addition, we also introduce the progress in other aspects of topological superfluid, including topological superfluid induced by soliton, three-component topological superfluid, topological superfluid with large Chern number, and the high critical temperature of topological superfluid. In the experiment, how to detect and implement topological superfluid is the purpose and significance of our research. Therefore, we introduce the identification and implementation of topological superfluid at the end of the article. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spin Hall Effect of Light and Its Applications in Measurements of Physical Parameters LIU Shuo-qing , CHEN Shi-zhen , LUO Hai-lu Progress in Physics    2022, 42 (2): 35-53.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2022.02.001 Abstract （3983）      PDF （8674KB）（9696）       The spin Hall effect (SHE) of light refers to the transverse spin-dependent splitting of photons with opposite spin angular momentum after the beam passes through inhomogeneous media, in the direction perpendicular to the incident plane. It can be regarded as an analogue of the SHE in electronic systems, where the spin photons and the refractive index gradient replace the spin electrons and the electronic potential, respectively. Fundamentally, the SHE of light originates from the spin-orbit interaction of photons and depends mainly on two different geometric phases, namely, the spin redirection Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry phase in the momentum space and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in the Stokes parameter space. Meanwhile, the SHE of light exhibits great sensitivity to the physical parameters, and combined with quantum weak measurements, has important application prospects in fields of physical parameters measurement and optical sensing. We briefly analyze the physical origin of the SHE of light, review its recent progress in different physical systems, and present its applications in measurements of physical parameters. Finally, the possible developing trends in optical analog computing, microscopy imaging, and quantum imaging are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Black Holes and Singularities Ong Yen Chin Progress in Physics    2020, 40 (2): 33-43.   Abstract （2109）      PDF （160KB）（3186）       Black holes are arguably the most extreme manifestation of gravity, with horizons that mark the boundary of no return beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. Recently, remarkable progress has been made on the observational fronts, with the detection of gravitational wave produced by colliding black holes, and “direct” imaging of the supermassive black holes in the galaxy M87. On the theoretical side however, there remains a lot of unsolved mysteries in black hole physics. Of these, the information paradox is the most well-known. Nevertheless, there is another equally puzzling – if not more so – issue, which concerns the very heart of black holes: their singularities, where general relativity breaks down. What happens at the singularities of black holes? Can quantum gravity really remove black hole singularities? Is there a difference between Big Bang singularity and those inside black holes? More crucially, can singularities become naked, i.e. no longer shrouded by black hole horizon and therefore visible to ordinary observers? What is the status of the so-called “cosmic censorship conjecture”? In this review we will go through this topic at a semi-technical level, which is suitable for an ambitious undergraduate students in physics or mathematics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2017, 37 (2): 41-74.   Abstract （1141）      PDF （652KB）（5405）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2014, 34 (1): 1-9.   Abstract （1198）      PDF （1363KB）（5986）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanistic insights into p53-mediated gene expression regulation CHEN Yunxiang, ZHOU Bangyan, ZHAO Peiyi, WU Renjie, LIU Feng Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (6): 281-292.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.06.002 Abstract （718）      PDF （6113KB）（939）       As one of the most important tumor suppressors, the p53 protein regulates the expression of hundreds of target genes to orchestrate diverse cellular processes and safeguard genomic stability and integrity. While extensive studies have elucidated the structural features of p53 and the role of post-translational modifications in modulating its function, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of p53 during activation and the precise mechanisms by which it regulates target gene expression remains lacking. In recent years, advances in single-cell imaging and spatiotemporal omics have provided new insights into the time-resolved regulation of p53. This review summarizes the multilayered architecture of the p53 regulatory network, spanning molecular modifications, subcellular localization, DNA binding, chromatin remodeling, and the expression dynamics of downstream target genes. We highlight how information is integrated and coordinated across these regulatory layers. Through dynamic signal decoding and finely tuned control mechanisms, p53 achieves precise regulation of cell fate decisions. A deeper understanding of p53 regulation is critical for elucidating the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and for developing targeted therapeutic strategies.  Related Articles | Metrics

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ZHOU Yi-fan , KONG Ling-xing , WU Ren-jie , LIU Feng Progress in Physics    2024, 44 (4): 183-196.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2024.04.002 Abstract （1218）      PDF （6737KB）（1945）       Living cells constantly sense and respond to environmental changes. Transcription, the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, serves as a critical bridge between external signals and gene expression, ultimately shaping cellular behavior. To unravel the transcription dynamics and the relationship between input signals and gene expression out-put, various transcription models have been developed. This review explores these common models, their computational frameworks, and the resulting distributions for mRNA number and transcriptional event duration, which offer valuable insights into input-output relationships and underlying response mechanisms. We further analyze how different promoter types, chromatin environments, and network motifs influence these relationships. Finally, we probe how information theory can be applied to systems with near-maximum channel capacity to reveal the dynamic range of transcription factor concentrations, input-output dynamics, and the link between these factors and gene expression distribution. Through these multifaceted analyses, we identify key regulators of dynamic input-output relationships and gain deeper insights into how genes respond to transcription factor signals. Quantitative studies of input-output relationships hold promises for identifying key regulatory factors, predicting changes in gene expression patterns, and designing interventions to manipulate cellular functions and behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2012, 32 (1): 33-56.   Abstract （1052）      PDF （1672KB）（7159）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Nuclear spin and progresses in study on separation and conversion dynamics of nuclear spin isomers of ethylene Progress in Physics    2017, 37 (6): 193-211.   Abstract （1052）      PDF （1834KB）（3146）       The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The total angular momentum of the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus is usually referred to as nuclear spin. Nuclear spin isomers and their stability are fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, and all molecules possessing identical nuclei with nonzero spin have two or more distinct nuclear spin isomers with different arrangements of total nuclear spin quantum numbers. Thus, researchers have tried to separate the nuclear spin isomers of gaseous polyatomic molecules and study the conversion mechanisms among them for many years. However, the studies in this field did not make progress until the early 90s. In 2005, we made a study on the separation and conversion of nuclear spin isomers of ethylene for the first time, to which we gave a special introduction in this paper. Firstly, the scientific history about the discovery of the protons and neutrons that form nucleus is briefly described chronologically; the concept of nuclear spin isomers is presented, and the nuclear spin isomers of hydrogen and ethylene molecules aref described in detail. Secondly, we give a full description of the progresses made in the experimental study on the separating the nuclear spin isomers of gaseous ethylene with light-induced drift technique, and make a quantitative explanation on the interconversion dynamics among the nuclear spin isomers of ethylene based on parity conservation and quantum relaxation theory. Finally, we briefly summarize the latest research finding. The enrichment of the nuclear spin isomers of ethylene can be achieved through chemical synthesis using the acetylene catalytically hydrogenated with para-hydrogen, which would sufficiently and successfully enhance nuclear magnetic resonance signal. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Influence of Terahertz Waves on Neurotransmitter Synaptic Transmission CHEN Chen , DING Hong-ming , MA Yu-qiang Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (1): 32-46.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.01.002 Abstract （1284）      PDF （2539KB）（1836）       Terahertz waves are a type of electromagnetic wave between microwaves and infrared waves. Due to its physical properties such as strong penetration, non-ionization and strong absorption, and the ability to achieve non-contact regulation of synaptic transmission, it has shown great application prospects. The synaptic transmission process is closely related to neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the response of terahertz waves to the synaptic transmission process has a guiding role in the prevention and treatment of related diseases. This paper first introduces the physical properties of terahertz waves, biological effects and related concepts of synaptic transmission in detail, and then focuses on the influence of terahertz waves on the synaptic transmission process, namely the presynaptic, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic stages. Finally, the potential application of terahertz waves in the future synaptic transmission process is summarized and prospected. Related Articles | Metrics