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A Brief History of Solid State Physics SHI Feng , HAN Xiu-jun , ZHANG Ling-cui , XU Yue , ZHANG Chuan-jiang Progress in Physics    2021, 41 (4): 170-187.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2021.04.002 Abstract （3928）      PDF （446KB）（18462）       The study of many-body problems in solid-state physics is an important branch of physics, covering a wide range of areas, and it is also the basis of many technical disciplines including materials science. This article discusses the brief history of the development of solid state physics, including the initial development history, the study of thermal properties, Weidmann-Franz law, the study history of the microscopic geometric structure of crystals, the free electron gas model, the energy band theory of solids, and the The research of solid magnetism, the information age, the development of solid state physics in China, and the teaching materials of solid state physics, etc., briefly describe the major events in the development of solid state physics, and the influential scientists and their contributions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Preparation and Performance Optimization of 3D/2D Halide Perovskite Heterojunction HE Shengrong , XING Jun , YAO Xiaolong , MA Xiaoman , LI Peng Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (4): 169-194.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.04.002 Abstract （1041）      PDF （8487KB）（3696）       Halide perovskite materials have emerged as a research hotspot in new energy technologies due to their remarkable advantages in photoelectric conversion efficiency, while three-dimensional (3D)/two-dimensional (2D) perovskite heterojunctions have attracted particular attention owing to their unique band structures and flexible regulation capabilities for carrier behavior. This review focuses on the controllable preparation and performance optimization of 3D/2D halide perovskite heterojunctions. It first summarizes the concept, advantages, and conventional preparation methods of 3D/2D perovskite heterojunctions, including solid-liquid post-spin-coating methods, solid-gas vapor deposition approaches, and solidsolid reaction techniques. Subsequently, effective strategies for enhancing the performance of 3D/2D perovskite heterojunctions through interface engineering, material engineering, and device structure optimization are systematically explored. The review then comprehensively summarizes and evaluates recent research progress in the application of 3D/2D heterojunctions in solar cells and photodetectors. Finally, current challenges regarding the stability and environmental adaptability of 3D/2D perovskite heterojunctions are discussed, along with systematic perspectives on future development trends in this research field. This work aims to provide feasible ideas and optimization schemes for realizing the widespread application of 3D/2D perovskite heterojunctions in photoelectric fields. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Two-Dimensional Multiferroic Materials and Their Magnetoelectric Properties ZHENG Hongqian , HU Ting , HUANG Chengxi , DU Yongping , WAN Yi Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (3): 105-117.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.03.001 Abstract （2157）      PDF （9286KB）（4304）       In recent years, multiferroic materials, which possess both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties, have attracted intense attention from researchers due to their novel and rich physical characteristics, as well as their broad potential applications in fields such as information storage and sensor technologies. As understanding of the properties of multiferroic materials deepens, researchers have begun to explore their behavior at smaller scales, particularly focusing on two-dimensional (2D) materials. Compared to three-dimensional (3D) materials, 2D materials, owing to their unique structural features and significant size effects, often exhibit more superior performance in terms of mechanical, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties. However, it is noteworthy that current research on 2D multiferroic materials is primarily concentrated on theoretical predictions, with experimental progress lagging behind. In this context, this paper first briefly reviews the development history of multiferroic materials, then elaborates on the characteristics and advantages of 2D materials, and discusses the potential applications of 2D multiferroic materials. Subsequently, the paper provides an overview of the current research status, covering related physical phenomena and mechanisms, experimental preparation methods, performance regulation technologies, and characterization techniques. Furthermore, this paper also enumerates potential 2D multiferroic materials predicted by theory and, based on this, delves into the challenges faced by current research and future directions for development.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Tuning the Thermal Conductivity of Polymer: A Recent Progress Report Progress in Physics    2018, 38 (2): 69-81.   Abstract （1053）      PDF （1047KB）（21945）       Polymer-based thermal interface materials play an important role in the heat removal and thermal management of high-density integrated circuits. Here, we introduce the theoretical and experi- mental progress of the thermal conductivity of polymers. Main foci are given to enhancement of thermal conductivity in polymers, including stretched polymer and polymer-based nanocompos- ites. Bottlenecks and challenges in this eld are also comprehensive discussed in this review. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2016, 36 (2): 46-63.   Abstract （827）      PDF （2125KB）（5264）       Related Articles | Metrics

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ZHOU Yi-fan , KONG Ling-xing , WU Ren-jie , LIU Feng Progress in Physics    2024, 44 (4): 183-196.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2024.04.002 Abstract （1159）      PDF （6737KB）（1622）       Living cells constantly sense and respond to environmental changes. Transcription, the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, serves as a critical bridge between external signals and gene expression, ultimately shaping cellular behavior. To unravel the transcription dynamics and the relationship between input signals and gene expression out-put, various transcription models have been developed. This review explores these common models, their computational frameworks, and the resulting distributions for mRNA number and transcriptional event duration, which offer valuable insights into input-output relationships and underlying response mechanisms. We further analyze how different promoter types, chromatin environments, and network motifs influence these relationships. Finally, we probe how information theory can be applied to systems with near-maximum channel capacity to reveal the dynamic range of transcription factor concentrations, input-output dynamics, and the link between these factors and gene expression distribution. Through these multifaceted analyses, we identify key regulators of dynamic input-output relationships and gain deeper insights into how genes respond to transcription factor signals. Quantitative studies of input-output relationships hold promises for identifying key regulatory factors, predicting changes in gene expression patterns, and designing interventions to manipulate cellular functions and behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2016, 36 (3): 65-99.   Abstract （1296）      PDF （14455KB）（3364）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-Dependent Quantum Transport: Theory and Application量子输运；含时；运动方程；非平衡格林函数理论；复数吸收势；自能 Cheng Xiao, Xie Hang Progress in Physics    2019, 39 (4): 119-136.   Abstract （1369）      PDF （3686KB）（2397）       Time-dependent quantum transport (TDQT) theory researches the electron wave evolution in the open systems. Due to the dissipation of leads or other environmental effects, the electrons behavior in the central region does not only depends on the instant external fields, but also on the historical accumulations in some past period. This is a non-Markov process, which is some complicated to be solved in mathematics. In this paper, we introduce a new type of TDQT theory: density-matrix equation of motion (DM-EOM) method in detail. It is based on the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) theory. This method has clear calculation schemes and it is easy for the numerical implementation, especially for the large systems. We also introduce some other QDTD methods and their applications. For example, the transient current in graphene and other 2D materials, the electron dynamics in open quantum dots with the many-body interactions. Related Articles | Metrics

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MAX phase：Synthesis, Structure and Property Tian Li, Fu Chao, Li Yue-Ming, Fan Xiao-Xing, Wang En-Ge, Zhao Guo-Rui Progress in Physics    2021, 41 (1): 39-61.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2021.01.002 Abstract （3996）      PDF （26993KB）（5051）       MAX phase ceramics have a unique crystal structure in which MX sheets and A-element layers are alternately stacked, so that it has both the excellent characteristics of metal and ceramics. They exhibit high electrical and thermal conductivities, and are machinable. And at the same time, they are resistant to oxidation and corrosion, and elastic stiff. They are attracting more and more attention in the past 20 years with their potential widely applications. In this paper, some research work on MAX phase and MXenes materials are reviewed. Firstly, recent discoveries on the newly MAX phases and their preparation method are introduced. Then, from the physical-property perspective, the research progress on the elastic, electrical, thermal and magnetic properties and radiation resistance of typical MAX phases is reviewed. In addition, a further introduction of MXene, which is a two-dimensional derivative of MAX phases, and its synthesis, characterization, properties and its application in electrochemical energy storage and in catalysis is presented. Finally, important future research directions are discussed. These include charting the unknown regions in phase diagrams to discover new MAX phases, exploring their unknown special physical properties, studying 2D derivative MXene, as well as researching their synthesis, characterization, and potential applications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2017, 37 (1): 22-36.   Abstract （2785）      PDF （4790KB）（4986）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Potential mechanisms of comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder YU Chen, ZHANG Xiaopeng, WANG Wei Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (6): 261-280.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.06.001 Abstract （743）      PDF （817KB）（1358）       Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit a high rate of comorbidity. This paper systematically reviews existing studies at different levels to summarize the common pathological mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of ASD and ADHD. Specifically: (1) Both diseases exhibit abnormal synaptic pruning, leading to a further aggravation of abnormal brain structure in patients with the comorbidity; (2) Dysfunction of the default mode network and executive control network constitutes important neurobiological evidence for the comorbidity of the two disorders; (3) The abnormal signaling pathways implicated in ASD and ADHD mainly involve the dopamine, Wnt, GABA, mTOR, and inflammation-related pathways, all of which are closely associated with the stability of synapse numbers; (4) Abnormal synaptic pruning leads to excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance, which may provide the physiological basis for abnormal functional connectivity of brain networks and altered cortical thickness and volume in higher cognitive regions such as the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, by computational neural network modeling and molecular network modeling, it is expected to advance the understanding of the co-morbidity mechanism of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we elucidate the pathological mechanism of comorbidity in two typical diseases related to neurodevelopmental disorders from different perspectives, and may provide a theoretical basis for early intervention and precise treatment in comorbid patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrogen-Based Superconductors under High Pressures DU Ming-yang, ZHANG Zi-han, DUAN De-fang, CUI Tian Progress in Physics    2022, 42 (5): 184-192.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2022.05.002 Abstract （2091）      PDF （3042KB）（6285）       Achieving room temperature superconductivity has always been the dream of mankind pursuing for a long time. Finding and synthesizing new materials with room temperature superconductivity is the ”Holy Grail” of condensed matter physics. Since the theoretical and experimental discovery of H3S and LaH10 with high superconducting critical temperature above 200 K, the hydrogen-based superconductors became the best candidate for achieving room temperature superconductivity, which is also one of the hot areas of multi-disciplinary research in physics, materials science etc. In this work, we outline the development history of superconductors, introduce several typical superconducting materials, focus on the current progress and challenges of hydrogen based superconductors under high pressures, discuss the design ideas of hydrogen based high-temperature superconductors in the middle and low pressure range, and look forward to the possibility of hydrogen-based superconductors with high critical temperature and even room temperature under low pressure or ambient pressure. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spin Hall Effect of Light and Its Applications in Measurements of Physical Parameters LIU Shuo-qing , CHEN Shi-zhen , LUO Hai-lu Progress in Physics    2022, 42 (2): 35-53.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2022.02.001 Abstract （3837）      PDF （8674KB）（9148）       The spin Hall effect (SHE) of light refers to the transverse spin-dependent splitting of photons with opposite spin angular momentum after the beam passes through inhomogeneous media, in the direction perpendicular to the incident plane. It can be regarded as an analogue of the SHE in electronic systems, where the spin photons and the refractive index gradient replace the spin electrons and the electronic potential, respectively. Fundamentally, the SHE of light originates from the spin-orbit interaction of photons and depends mainly on two different geometric phases, namely, the spin redirection Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry phase in the momentum space and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in the Stokes parameter space. Meanwhile, the SHE of light exhibits great sensitivity to the physical parameters, and combined with quantum weak measurements, has important application prospects in fields of physical parameters measurement and optical sensing. We briefly analyze the physical origin of the SHE of light, review its recent progress in different physical systems, and present its applications in measurements of physical parameters. Finally, the possible developing trends in optical analog computing, microscopy imaging, and quantum imaging are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gauge Field and Fiber Bundle：Its Contents, Methods, and Meanings  ZHAO Song-nian , LU Bo, CHEN Ken, HUANG Xu Progress in Physics    2023, 43 (1): 10-24.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2023.01.002 Abstract （4060）      PDF （708KB）（6791）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Photocurrent Mapping of Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cell ZHAO Xiao-xia, TIAN Wen-ming, SUN Zhong-gao, JIN Sheng-ye Progress in Physics    2022, 42 (2): 54-60.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2022.02.002 Abstract （2008）      PDF （751KB）（3206）       Developing an interplay between the local morphological character, optoelectronic properties and its local photovoltaic parameters in a perovskite thin film is essential for guiding the construction of highly-efficient perovskite solar cells (PSC). In this work, by using a laserscanned and time-resolved confocal microscopy coupled with a picoammeter detection module, we realize in-situ photoluminescence (PL) intensity, PL lifetime, and photocurrent mappings in a two-dimensional (2D) PSC. A significant negative correlation is found between photocurrent and PL intensity and PL lifetime imaging within grains of the perovskite polycrystalline film. We establish the correlation between local photovoltaic parameters, optoelectronic properties, and morphology character, which provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of PSC performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2012, 32 (1): 33-56.   Abstract （1020）      PDF （1672KB）（6856）       Related Articles | Metrics

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Excited-State Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides QIN Chunbo , ZHANG Chunfeng Progress in Physics    2025, 45 (4): 195-207.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2025.04.003 Abstract （552）      PDF （5372KB）（1384）       Two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides exhibit strong light-matter interactions and pronounced excitonic effects, the study of their excited-state dynamics is essential for advancing both fundamental research and technological applications. This review summarizes recent advances in the investigation of excited-state dynamics in monolayer transition metal chalcogenides and their van der Waals heterostructures. Specifically, we discuss the generation and recombination dynamics of excitons in monolayers, as well as interlayer excitons in heterostructures. Particular emphasis is placed on interlayer charge transfer and the influence of stacking angles and moiré superlattices on excited-state dynamics. Finally, we highlight open questions in the field and provide an outlook on future research directions.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Nonlinear Dynamics and Applications of Spin Hall Nano-Oscillators Liu Rong-Hua , Li Li-Yuan , Chen Li-Na , Zhou Kai-Yuan , Du You-Wei Progress in Physics    2020, 40 (6): 189-210.   DOI: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2020.06.003 Abstract （2564）      PDF （3549KB）（6154）       Spin Hall nano oscillator (SHNO), a new type spintronic nano-device, can generate microwave signal and excite coherent spin waves due to spin current-driven magnetization precession and have strong potential for applications from data storage，rf communication, microwave generation to neuromorphic computing. In this review, we focus on the complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of spin-wave modes generated by SHNOs in the various ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic (FM/NM) bilayer systems with an extended free layer. Based on the abundantly previous experimental results obtained by combining microwave spectroscopy and micro-focused Brillouin light scattering techniques, as well as micromagnetic simulation, we detailedly describe and summarize the experimental parameters dependent magnetic dynamics of SHNOs with different device configurations and magnetic materials, such as in-plane nanogap-type, nanoconstriction-type, nanowire-type, vertical nanocontact-type SHNOs with in-plane or out-of-plane magnetization. Finally, we also discuss mutual synchronization of SHNO arrays and the potential applications in magnon-based logic devices with ultralow energy consumption and spin-based artificial neural network for neuromorphic computing in the field of artificial intelligence. Related Articles | Metrics

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Black Holes and Singularities Ong Yen Chin Progress in Physics    2020, 40 (2): 33-43.   Abstract （2026）      PDF （160KB）（2745）       Black holes are arguably the most extreme manifestation of gravity, with horizons that mark the boundary of no return beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. Recently, remarkable progress has been made on the observational fronts, with the detection of gravitational wave produced by colliding black holes, and “direct” imaging of the supermassive black holes in the galaxy M87. On the theoretical side however, there remains a lot of unsolved mysteries in black hole physics. Of these, the information paradox is the most well-known. Nevertheless, there is another equally puzzling – if not more so – issue, which concerns the very heart of black holes: their singularities, where general relativity breaks down. What happens at the singularities of black holes? Can quantum gravity really remove black hole singularities? Is there a difference between Big Bang singularity and those inside black holes? More crucially, can singularities become naked, i.e. no longer shrouded by black hole horizon and therefore visible to ordinary observers? What is the status of the so-called “cosmic censorship conjecture”? In this review we will go through this topic at a semi-technical level, which is suitable for an ambitious undergraduate students in physics or mathematics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Physics    2017, 37 (2): 41-74.   Abstract （1080）      PDF （652KB）（5029）       Related Articles | Metrics