物理学进展

物理学进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 72-97.doi: 10.13725/j.cnki.pip.2026.02.002

所属专题： 2026年, 第46卷

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太阳光蒸发过程的热力学---动力学描述

唐 传 1，汤启云 1∗，李秀强 2，马余强 3, 4, 5†，朱 嘉 3, 6‡   

  1. 1. 东南大学物理学院，量子材料与信息器件教育部重点实验室，南京 211189 2. 南京航空航天大学国际前沿科学研究院，航空航天结构力学及控制全国重点实验室，南京 210016 3. 江苏省物理科学研究中心，南京 210093 4. 南京大学物理学院，固体微结构物理全国重点实验室，人工微结构科学与技术协同创新中心，南京 210093 5. 合肥国家实验室，合肥 230088 6. 南京大学能源与资源学院，固体微结构物理全国重点实验室，江苏省人工功能材料重点实验室与人工微结构科学与技术协同创新 中心，南京 210093
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-22 修回日期:2026-02-09 接受日期:2026-02-16 出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-04-27
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金 (No: 12374207， 52525202，12347102)，江苏省自然科学基金 (No: BK20233001)，教育部基础学科和交叉学科突破计划 (No: JYB2025XDXM502)，以及量子通信与量子计算机重大项目 (No: 2024ZD0300101) 

Thermodynamic–kinetic description of solar-driven evaporation processes

TANG Chuan 1 , TANG Qiyun 1∗ , LI Xiuqiang 2 , MA Yuqiang 3, 4, 5† , ZHU Jia 3, 6   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjng 211189, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, International Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjng 210016, China 3. Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing 210093, China 4. School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 5. Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China 6. School of Sustainable Energy and Resources, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 
  • Received:2026-01-22 Revised:2026-02-09 Accepted:2026-02-16 Online:2026-04-20 Published:2026-04-27

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摘要：

本文系统梳理了太阳光驱动蒸发过程的热力学与动力学理论框架，旨在为该跨尺度、多物 理场耦合的光热蒸发过程提供一个系统的理论描述基础。首先，从热力学角度阐述了蒸发过程中 的相平衡条件、自由能结构及相图，涵盖了单组分流体和多组分混合物的气–液相平衡热力学描述。 其次，在动力学方面，重点围绕打破气–液相平衡的路径展开分析：一是通过改变气相热力学状态 (如降压) 驱动蒸发；二是通过改变液相热力学状态 (如界面局部加热) 驱动蒸发，后者是光热蒸发 的核心机制；三是在扩散主导的简化框架下，介绍了基于气相或液相扩散并结合移动边界条件的 动力学理论。进一步，结合光热蒸发的实验研究，重点探讨了几何约束 (特别是纳米受限效应) 对 蒸发行为与能量传输路径的影响，并综述了受限体系下 (如二维水路、多孔结构) 的工程应用策略 与性能评估方法。最后，对当前理论瓶颈和未来发展方向进行了展望。本文通过整合热力学平衡 分析与动力学演化机制，试图为理解与设计高效、稳定的太阳能驱动蒸发系统提供理论参考。 

关键词: 太阳光蒸发；热力学；动力学；相平衡；气液相变；纳米受限 

Abstract:

This paper systematically reviews the thermodynamic and kinetic theoretical framework for solar-driven evaporation processes, aiming to provide a systematic theoretical foundation for this multiscale, multiphysics-coupled photo-thermal evaporation phenomenon. First, from a thermodynamic perspective, it elaborates on the phase equilibrium conditions, free energy structure, and phase diagram representations involved in evaporation, covering vaporliquid phase equilibrium descriptions for both single-component fluids and multicomponent mixtures. Second, from a kinetic viewpoint, the analysis focuses on pathways to break vaporliquid phase equilibrium: one involves driving evaporation by altering the thermodynamic state of the gas phase (e.g., pressure reduction); another involves driving evaporation by modifying the thermodynamic state of the liquid phase (e.g., localized interfacial heating), which is the core mechanism of photothermal evaporation; and the third introduces kinetic theories based on gas- or liquid-phase diffusion combined with moving boundary conditions under a simplified diffusion-dominated framework. Furthermore, the paper integrates experimental studies on photothermal evaporation to examine the influence of geometric constraints-particularly nanoconfinement effects-on evaporation behavior and energy transport pathways, and reviews engineering application strategies and performance evaluation methods in confined systems, such as two-dimensional water pathways and porous structures. Finally, it outlines current theoretical bottlenecks and future research directions. By integrating thermodynamic equilibrium analysis with kinetic evolution mechanisms, this paper attempts to offer theoretical insights for understanding and designing efficient and stable solar-driven evaporation systems.

Key words: solar-driven evaporation, thermodynamics, kinetics, phase equilibrium, liquidvapor phase transition, nanoconfinemen

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