关键词: 对称性破缺；非互易性；多铁性；旋光性；二次谐波发生；霍尔型输运特性

Abstract: Symmetry often governs condensed matter physics. The action of breaking symmetry spontaneously leads to phase transitions, and various observables or observable physical phenomena can be directly associated with broken symmetries. Examples include ferroelectric polarization, ferromagnetic magnetization, optical activities (including Faraday and magneto-optic Kerr rotations), second harmonic generation, photogalvanic effects, nonreciprocity, various Hall-effect-type transport properties, and multiferroicity. Herein, we propose that observable physical phenomena can occur when specimen constituents (i.e., lattice distortions or spin arrangements, in external fields or other environments, etc.) and measuring probes/quantities (i.e., propagating light, electrons or other particles in various polarization states, including vortex beams of light and electrons, bulk polarization or magnetization, etc.) share symmetry operational similarity (SOS) in relation to broken symmetries. The power of the SOS approach lies in providing simple and physically transparent views of otherwise unintuitive phenomena in complex materials. In turn, this approach can be leveraged to identify new materials that exhibit potentially desired properties as well as new phenomena in known materials. (Abstract compiled from Sang-Wook Cheong. npj Quantum Materials, 2019, 4: 53)

Key words: Symmetry breaking; Nonreciprocity, Multiferroicity; Optical activities; Second harmonic generation; Hall-effect-type transport properties